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Life and career David A. Johnston

<h2>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1-Fdv-aW1DoXwZHdW6hsdyZ5abpagXuZRGrueMG8SP2RRdLy2FO98NeZwgvFXnYJzBkdpmkZh9MZ5adGcRcEfYQyNmL5_W7BOxhXpBmrxaRSbGDlm51iXHrsd_igamvnjvvqJBdCa139C/s1600/220px-Dave_Johnston_with_gas-detection_instrument_at_Mount_St._Helens%252C_4_April_1980_%2528USGS%2529_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1-Fdv-aW1DoXwZHdW6hsdyZ5abpagXuZRGrueMG8SP2RRdLy2FO98NeZwgvFXnYJzBkdpmkZh9MZ5adGcRcEfYQyNmL5_W7BOxhXpBmrxaRSbGDlm51iXHrsd_igamvnjvvqJBdCa139C/s1600/220px-Dave_Johnston_with_gas-detection_instrument_at_Mount_St._Helens%252C_4_April_1980_%2528USGS%2529_1.jpg" /></a>Life and career</h2>
Johnston was born at the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="University of Chicago Medical Center">University of Chicago Hospital</a> on December 18, 1949,[1] to Thomas and Alice Johnston.[2] They originally lived in <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Hometown, Illinois">Hometown, Illinois</a> but moved to <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Oak Lawn, Illinois">Oak Lawn</a> shortly after Johnston's birth.[1]
 Johnston grew up with one sister. His father worked as an engineer at a
 local company and his mother as a newspaper editor. Johnston often took
 photographs for his mother's newspaper and contributed articles to his 
school's newspaper. He never married.[1]

After graduating from high school, Johnston attended the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a>.
 He planned to study journalism, but became discouraged after a poor 
grade in a large lecture class. He was intrigued by an introductory <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Geology">geology</a> class, and changed his major.[1] His first geologic project was a study of the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> rock that forms <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>'s <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Upper Peninsula">Upper Peninsula</a>. There he investigated the remains of an ancient volcano: a suite of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Metamorphism (geology)">metamorphosed</a> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Basalt">basalts</a>, a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Gabbro">gabbroic</a> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Sill (geology)">sill</a>, and volcanic roots in the form of a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Diorite">dioritic</a> and gabbroic <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Intrusion (geology)">intrusion</a>. The experience planted the seed of Johnston's passion for volcanoes. After working hard to learn the subject,[1] he graduated with "Highest Honors and Distinction" in 1971.[3][4]

Johnston spent the summer after college in the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="San Juan volcanic field">San Juan volcanic field</a> of <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> working with <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Volcanologist">volcanologist</a> Pete Lipman in his study of two extinct <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Caldera">calderas</a>.[1][3] This work became the inspiration for the first phase of his graduate work at the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> in Seattle, in which he focused on the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> <a class="new" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Cimarron Volcano (page does not exist)">Cimarron</a> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Andesite">andesitic</a> volcanic complex in the western San Juans.[3][5] Johnston's reconstruction of the eruptive history of the extinct volcanoes prepared him to study active volcanoes.[3] Johnston's first experience with active volcanoes was a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Geophysics">geophysical</a> survey of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Mount Augustine">Mount Augustine</a> in <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>
 in 1975. When Mount Augustine erupted in 1976, Johnston raced back to 
Alaska, shunting his former work on the Cimmaron Volcano into a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Master's degree">master's thesis</a>, and making Mount Augustine the focus of his <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> work. He graduated in 1978 with his Ph.D., having shown that (1) the emplacement mechanism of the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a> had changed over time, as they became less <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Pumice">pumaceous</a>, (2) the magmas contained high quantities of volatile water, chlorine, and sulfur, and (3) underground mixing of the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Felsic">felsic</a> (silicic) magmas with less-viscous <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Mafic">mafic</a>
 (basaltic) magmas could have triggered eruptions. Mount Augustine was 
also the site of an early near-disaster for Johnston, when he became 
trapped on the mountain during an eruption after high winds grounded the
 first two evacuation aircraft.[6]

During the summers of 1978 and 1979, Johnston led studies of the ash-flow sheet emplaced in the 1912 eruption of <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Mount Katmai">Mount Katmai</a> in the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes">Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes</a>.[3] The <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Volcanic gas">gas</a>
 phase is extremely important in propelling volcanic eruptions. Because 
of this, Johnston mastered the many techniques required to analyze <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Melt inclusions">glass</a>-<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Fluid inclusions">vapor inclusions</a> in <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Phenocryst">phenocrysts</a>
 embedded in lavas, which provide information about gases present during
 past eruptions. His work at Mount Katmai and other volcanoes in the 
Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes paved the way for his career, and his 
"agility, nerve, patience, and determination around the jet-like summit 
fumaroles in the crater of <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Mount Mageik">Mt. Mageik</a>" impressed his colleagues.[3]

<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ypkDi52mgNEBvp7D3DtKPHU8DPR8tnd97oE7t3zn9YTkw9D7EzsGkhteK38Bh3KUUvBQIanAFSQ4saSprnfO1BxrZWkMP3tGXsSPpaLhKCpnTvTAKyWMwjc1PjtGa5vShKQuWPo1OJ9q/s1600/220px-MSH80_david_johnston_at_camp_05-17-80_med.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9ypkDi52mgNEBvp7D3DtKPHU8DPR8tnd97oE7t3zn9YTkw9D7EzsGkhteK38Bh3KUUvBQIanAFSQ4saSprnfO1BxrZWkMP3tGXsSPpaLhKCpnTvTAKyWMwjc1PjtGa5vShKQuWPo1OJ9q/s1600/220px-MSH80_david_johnston_at_camp_05-17-80_med.jpg" /></a>Later in 1978, Johnston joined the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS), where he monitored volcanic emission levels in the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Cascade Range">Cascades</a> and <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Aleutian Arc">Aleutian Arc</a>. There he helped to strengthen the theory that eruptions can be predicted, to some degree, by changes in the makeup of <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Volcanic gas">volcanic gases</a>.[7] Fellow volcanologist Wes Hildreth said of Johnston, "I think Dave's dearest hope was that systematic monitoring of <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Fumarole">fumarolic</a>
 emissions might permit detection of changes characteristically 
precursory to eruptions ... Dave wanted to formulate a general model for
 the behavior of magmatic volatiles prior to explosive outbursts and to 
develop a corollary rationale for the evaluation of hazards."[3] During this time, Johnston continued to visit Mount Augustine every summer and also assessed the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal energy</a> potential of the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Azores">Azores</a> and <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.
 In the last year of his life, Johnston developed an interest in the 
health, agricultural, and environmental effects of both volcanic and <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> emissions to the atmosphere.[3]

Johnston was based at the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park, California</a>, branch of the USGS, but his work on volcanoes took him all over the Pacific Northwest region. When the first <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> shook Mount St. Helens on March 16, 1980, Johnston was nearby at the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>,
 where he had pursued his doctorate. Intrigued by the possible advent of
 an eruption, Johnston contacted Stephen Malone, a professor of geology 
at the university. Malone had been his mentor when Johnston had worked 
at the San Juan complex in Colorado, and Johnston admired his work.[1]
 Malone stated that he "put him to work" almost instantly, allowing 
Johnston to escort interested reporters to a place near the volcano.[8] Johnston was the first geologist on the volcano,[3] and soon became a leader within the USGS team, taking charge of monitoring of volcanic gas emissions.[8]

BIOGRAFI Life and career David A. Johnston

Life and career Johnston was born at the University of Chicago Hospital on December 18, 1949, [ 1 ] to Thomas and Alice Johnston. [ 2 ] ...

Psilocybe semilanceata article

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Psilocybe semilanceata,  
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg8-g6cJSgECQeIY6FE-c0Cj8DnP-Jn3bMRyeaydKaXvu4578C3GvMEJ01xwxihKQBQ1ek_oJjTpOIalz4EVG2SUhyAHKH-xOBafD-OBVxrQJhN_HMDGLqPQVrxfDZ3ZKKDFKgJKmQVtb4/s1600/Psilocybe.semilanceata.Alan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg8-g6cJSgECQeIY6FE-c0Cj8DnP-Jn3bMRyeaydKaXvu4578C3GvMEJ01xwxihKQBQ1ek_oJjTpOIalz4EVG2SUhyAHKH-xOBafD-OBVxrQJhN_HMDGLqPQVrxfDZ3ZKKDFKgJKmQVtb4/s1600/Psilocybe.semilanceata.Alan.jpg" /></a>  
commonly known as the liberty cap, is a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Psilocybin mushroom">psychedelic</a> (or "magic") mushroom that contains the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Psychoactive">psychoactive</a> compounds <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a> and <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Baeocystin">baeocystin</a>. Of the world's <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="List of psilocybin mushrooms">psilocybin mushrooms</a>, it is the most common in nature, and one of the most <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potent</a>. The mushrooms have a distinctive conical to bell-shaped <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Pileus (mycology)">cap</a>,
 up to 2.5 cm (1.0 in) in diameter, with a small nipple-like protrusion 
on the top. They are yellow to brown, covered with radial grooves when 
moist, and fade to a lighter color as they mature. Their <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Stipe (mycology)">stipes</a> tend to be slender and long, and the same color or slightly lighter than the cap. The <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Lamella (mycology)">gill</a> attachment to the stipe is adnexed (narrowly attached), and they are initially <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Cream (color)">cream</a>-colored before tinting purple as the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Spore">spores</a> mature. The spores are dark purplish-brown in <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Spore print">mass</a>, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Ellipsoid">ellipsoid</a> in shape, and measure 10.5–15 by 6.5–8.5 <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Micrometer">micrometers</a>.

The mushroom grows in fields, grassy meadows, and similar habitats, 
particularly in wet, north-facing fields (south-facing for southern 
hemisphere) that are well-fertilized by sheep and cattle feces. But 
unlike <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Psilocybe cubensis">P. cubensis</a>, the fungus does not grow directly on dung; rather, it is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Saprobic">saprobic</a> species that feeds off decaying grass roots. It is widely distributed in the cool <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> and <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> regions of the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>,
 particularly in Europe. However, it has also been reported occasionally
 from warmer locations such as India, South America, and Australasia. 
The earliest reliable history of P. semilanceata intoxication 
dates back to 1799 in London, and in the 1960s the mushroom was the 
first European species confirmed to contain psilocybin. Further 
investigations into the chemical makeup of the fungus revealed the 
presence of the substances <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Phenylethylamine">phenylethylamine</a>, and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Psychotropic">psychotropic</a> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Tryptamine">tryptamine</a> baeocystin. The possession or sale of psilocybin mushrooms is <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">illegal in many countries</a>. 
 
<h2>
Taxonomy and naming</h2>
The species was first described by <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Elias Magnus Fries">Elias Magnus Fries</a> as Agaricus semilanceatus in his 1838 Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici.[1] <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Paul Kummer">Paul Kummer</a> transferred it to <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Psilocybe">Psilocybe</a> in 1871 when he raised many of Fries's sub-groupings of Agaricus to the level of genus.[2] Panaeolus semilanceatus, named by <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Jakob Emanuel Lange">Jakob Emanuel Lange</a> in both 1936 and 1939 publications, is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Synonym (biology)">synonym</a>.[3][4] According to the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomical</a> database <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="MycoBank">MycoBank</a>, several <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Taxon">taxa</a> once considered <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> of P. semilanceata are synonymous with the species now known as <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Psilocybe strictipes">Psilocybe strictipes</a>:[5] the caerulescens variety described by <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Pier Andrea Saccardo">Pier Andrea Saccardo</a> in 1887 (originally named Agaricus semilanceatus var. coerulescens by <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Mordecai Cubitt Cooke">Mordecai Cubitt Cooke</a> in 1881),[6] the microspora variety described by <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Rolf Singer">Rolf Singer</a> in 1969,[7] and the obtusata variety described by <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Marcel Bon">Marcel Bon</a> in 1985.[8]

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<img alt="A small conical cream-colored mushroom on a long, spindly stipe, amid long grass" data-file-height="333" data-file-width="250" height="121" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Psilocybe_semilanceata_250px.jpg/91px-Psilocybe_semilanceata_250px.jpg" width="91" /></div>
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<img alt="A marble bust of a curly-haired boy wearing an edgeless conical cap with the rounded peak bending forward" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="574" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg/86px-Bust_Attis_CdM.jpg" width="86" /></div>
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The mushroom gets its common name from its resemblance to the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a>.</div>
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Several <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular</a> studies published in the decade of the 2000s demonstrated that Psilocybe, as it was defined then, was <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Polyphyletic">polyphyletic</a>.[9][10][11] The studies supported the idea of dividing the genus into two <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Clade">clades</a>, one consisting of the bluing, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Psilocybin mushroom">hallucinogenic</a> species in the family <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Hymenogastraceae">Hymenogastraceae</a>, and the other the non-bluing, non-hallucinogenic species in the family <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Strophariaceae">Strophariaceae</a>. However, the generally accepted <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Lectotype">lectotype</a> (a specimen later selected when the original author of a taxon name did not designate a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Type (biology)">type</a>) of the genus as a whole was <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Psilocybe montana">Psilocybe montana</a>,
 which is a non-bluing, non-hallucinogenic species. If the non-bluing, 
non-hallucinogenic species in the study were to be segregated, it would 
have left the hallucinogenic clade without a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Valid name (botany)">valid name</a>. To resolve this dilemma, several mycologists proposed in a 2005 publication to <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Conserved name">conserve</a> the name Psilocybe, with P. semilanceata as the type. As they explained, conserving the name Psilocybe in this way would prevent <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Nomenclature">nomenclatural</a>
 changes to a well-known group of fungi, many species of which are 
"linked to archaeology, anthropology, religion, alternate life styles, 
forensic science, law enforcement, laws and regulation".[12] Further, the name P. semilanceata had historically been accepted as the lectotype by many authors in the period 1938–68. The proposal to conserve the name Psilocybe, with P. semilanceata as the type was accepted unanimously by the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Nomenclature Committee for Fungi">Nomenclature Committee for Fungi</a> in 2009.[13]

The mushroom takes its <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Common name">common name</a> from the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a>, also known as the "liberty cap", which it resembles;[14] P. semilanceata shares its common name with <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Psilocybe pelliculosa">P. pelliculosa</a>,[15] a species from which it is more or less indistinguishable in appearance.[16] The <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for Phrygian cap is <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Pileus (mycology)">pileus</a>,
 nowadays the technical name for what is commonly known as the "cap" of a
 fungal fruit body. In the 18th century Phrygian caps were placed on <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Liberty pole">Liberty poles</a>, which resemble the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Stipe (mycology)">stipe</a> of the mushroom. The generic name is derived from the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> psilos (ψιλός) ("smooth" or "bare") and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> kubê (κύβη) ("head").[17][18] The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Specific name (botany)">specific epithet</a> comes from the Latin semi ("half") and lanceata, from lanceolatus, meaning "spear-shaped".[19] 
 
 
<h2>
Description</h2>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdDAjEiU_NsTPWchQBNQVNYYcdVoJCQjdzuVFISP-G_jqGrCAo-_Zr7af63Wgctp4H1x-RoFfvyF3S4mcmZWQoPVqA-cp-prTPBawTo525PCJlJsAqFp7wZqiZNTg99zp40QbsS0SF3e6A/s1600/220px-Psilocybe_semilanceata_6576.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdDAjEiU_NsTPWchQBNQVNYYcdVoJCQjdzuVFISP-G_jqGrCAo-_Zr7af63Wgctp4H1x-RoFfvyF3S4mcmZWQoPVqA-cp-prTPBawTo525PCJlJsAqFp7wZqiZNTg99zp40QbsS0SF3e6A/s1600/220px-Psilocybe_semilanceata_6576.jpg" /></a>The <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Pileus (mycology)">cap</a> of P. semilanceata
 is 5–25 mm (0.2–1.0 in) in diameter and 6–22 mm (0.24–0.87 in) tall. It
 varies in shape from sharply conical to bell-shaped, often with a 
prominent <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Papilla (mycology)">papilla</a>
 (a nipple-shaped structure), and does not change shape considerably as 
it ages. The cap margin is initially rolled inward but unrolls to become
 straight or even curled upwards in maturity. The cap is <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Hygrophanous">hygrophanous</a>, meaning it assumes different colors depending on its state of hydration. When it is moist, the cap is <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Ochre">ochraceous</a> to pale brown to dark <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Chestnut (color)">chestnut</a>
 brown, but darker in the center, often with a greenish-blue tinge. When
 moist, radial grooves (striations) can be seen on the cap that 
correspond to the positions of the gills underneath. When the cap is 
dry, it becomes much paler, a light yellow-brown color.[2] Moist mushrooms have sticky surfaces that result from a thin gelatinous film called a pellicle.[22]
 This film becomes apparent if a piece of the cap is broken by bending 
it back and peeling away the piece. When the cap dries from exposure to 
the sun, the film turns whitish and is no longer peelable.[23]

On the underside of the mushroom's cap, there are between 15 and 27 individual narrow <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Lamella (mycology)">gills</a> that are moderately crowded together, and they have a narrowly <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Adnexed gills">adnexed</a> to almost free attachment to the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Stipe (mycology)">stipe</a>.
 Their color is initially pale brown, but becomes dark gray to 
purple-brown with a lighter edge as the spores mature. The slender 
yellowish-brown stipe is 45–140 mm (1.8–5.5 in) long by 1–3.5 mm 
(0.04–0.14 in) thick, and usually slightly thicker towards the base.[2] The mushroom has a thin cobweb-like <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Partial veil">partial veil</a> that does not last long before disappearing; sometimes, the partial veil leaves an <a class="extiw" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="wikt:annular zone">annular zone</a> on the stipe that may be darkened by spores.[22] The <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Trama (mycology)">flesh</a> is thin and membrane-like, and roughly the same color as the surface tissue. It has a <a class="extiw" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="wikt:farinaceous">farinaceous</a>
 (similar to freshly ground flour) odor and taste. All parts of the 
mushroom will stain a bluish color if handled or bruised, and it may 
naturally turn blue with age.[2]

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<img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="750" height="200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Psilocybe_semilanceata_73941.jpg/250px-Psilocybe_semilanceata_73941.jpg" width="250" />
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Microscopic characteristics</div>
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<h3>
Microscopic characteristics</h3>
In <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Spore print">deposit</a>, the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Spore">spores</a> are a deep reddish purple-brown color. The use of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Light microscope">light microscope</a>
 can reveal further details: the spores are oblong when seen in side 
view, and oblong to oval in frontal view, with dimensions of 10.5–15 by 
6.5–8.5 <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Micrometre">μm</a>. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Basidia">basidia</a> (spore bearing cells of the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Hymenium">hymenium</a>),
 are 20–31 by 5–9 μm, four-spored, and have clamps at their bases; there
 are no basidia found on the sterile gill edge. The cheilocystidia (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Cystidia">cystidia</a> on the gill edge) measure 15–30 by 4–7 μm, and are flask-shaped with long thin necks that are 1–3.5 μm wide. P. semilanceata does not have pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face). The <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Pileipellis">cap cuticle</a> is up to 90 μm thick, and is made of a tissue layer called an <a class="extiw" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="wikt:ixocutis">ixocutis</a>—a gelatinized layer of <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Hypha">hyphae</a> lying parallel to the cap surface. The hyphae comprising the ixocutis are cylindrical, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Hyaline">hyaline</a>, and 1–3.5 μm wide. Immediately under the cap cuticle is the subpellis, made of hyphae that are 4–12 μm wide with yellowish-brown encrusted walls. There are <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Clamp connection">clamp connections</a> present in the hyphae of all tissues.[2]

<h3>
Other forms</h3>
The <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph">anamorphic</a> form of P. semilanceata is an <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual</a> stage in the fungus's <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> involved in the development of mitotic <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Diaspore (botany)">diaspores</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Conidia">conidia</a>). In <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Microbiological culture">culture</a>, grown in a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Petri dish">petri dish</a>, the fungus forms a white to pale orange cottony or felt-like mat of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Mycelia">mycelia</a>.
 The conidia formed are straight to curved, measuring 2.0–8.0 by 
1.1–2.0 μm, and may contain one to several small intracellular droplets.[24] Although little is known of the anamorphic stage of P. semilanceata
 beyond the confines of laboratory culture, in general, the morphology 
of the asexual structures may be used as classical characters in 
phylogenetic analyses to help understand the evolutionary relationships 
between related groups of fungi.[25]

Scottish mycologist <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Roy Watling">Roy Watling</a> described sequestrate (<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Truffle">truffle</a>-like) or <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Secotioid">secotioid</a> versions of P. semilanceata
 he found growing in association with regular fruit bodies. These 
versions had elongated caps, 20–22 cm (7.9–8.7 in) long and 0.8–1 cm 
(0.3–0.4 in) wide at the base, with the inward curved margins closely 
hugging the stipe from the development of membranous flanges. Their 
gills were narrow, closely crowded together, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Anastomose">anastomosed</a> (fused together in a vein-like network). The color of the gills was <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Sepia (color)">sepia</a> with a brownish <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Wine (color)">vinaceous</a>
 (red wine-colored) cast, and a white margin. The stipes of the fruit 
bodies were 5–6 cm (2.0–2.4 in) long by 0.1–0.3 cm (0.04–0.12 in) thick,
 with about 2 cm (0.8 in) of stipe length covered by the extended cap. 
The thick-walled ellipsoid spores were 12.5–13.5 by 6.5–7 μm. Despite 
the significant differences in morphology, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular</a> analysis showed the secotioid version to be the same species as the typical <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Morphotype">morphotype</a>.[26] 
 
sumber:  wikipedia.org

FLORA & FAUNA Psilocybe semilanceata article

Psilocybe semilanceata , commonly known as the liberty cap , is a psychedelic (or "magic") mushroom that contains the psycho...

BIOGRAFI Zain Javadd "Zayn" Malik

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVPQ9jVXy7roMz_oE1C64kfMTIcJxkaL7ugKWqRckARsVmprDYA_m9Nz1Du52IHdJbMUAFaK5Gme8gLiroZor3pbXx4_Gh4vWtRjnQOYlj2J3gh1Nh_3phcQxWB_re2aOujFhYF7uFvLGz/s1600/Zayn_Malik_Sydney_4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVPQ9jVXy7roMz_oE1C64kfMTIcJxkaL7ugKWqRckARsVmprDYA_m9Nz1Du52IHdJbMUAFaK5Gme8gLiroZor3pbXx4_Gh4vWtRjnQOYlj2J3gh1Nh_3phcQxWB_re2aOujFhYF7uFvLGz/s1600/Zayn_Malik_Sydney_4.jpg" /></a> Kehidupan awal dan pendidikan 
 Zayn dibesarkan di East Bowling, di sebelah barat pusat kota Bradford. Dia menempuh pendidikan dasarnya di Lower Fields Primary School dan melanjutkan ke Tong High School, sebuah sekolah negeri yang komprehensif di Bradford. <span class="reference ve-pasteProtect" data-mw="{"name":"ref","body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Tong-6","html":"<span data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" class=\"citation news\" about=\"#mwt23\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite news &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Templat:Cite_news&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/8689788.Tong_School_pupils_say_vote_to_keep_Zayn_in_the_X_Factor/&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Classmates seek support for East Bowling One Direction star Zayn Malik&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;26 November 2010&quot;},&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ben Barnett&quot;},&quot;newspaper&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Telegraph &amp; Argus|Bradford Telegraph &amp; Argus]]&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" id=\"mwew\">Ben Barnett (26 November 2010). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/8689788.Tong_School_pupils_say_vote_to_keep_Zayn_in_the_X_Factor/\" id=\"mwfA\">\"Classmates seek support for East Bowling One Direction star Zayn Malik\"</a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"./Telegraph_&amp;_Argus\" title=\"Telegraph &amp; Argus\" id=\"mwfg\">Bradford Telegraph &amp; Argus</a>.<span data-ve-ignore=\"true\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft.aulast=Ben+Barnett&amp;rft.atitle=Classmates+seek+support+for+East+Bowling+One+Direction+star+Zayn+Malik&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.btitle=Classmates+seek+support+for+East+Bowling+One+Direction+star+Zayn+Malik&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk%2Fnews%2F8689788.Tong_School_pupils_say_vote_to_keep_Zayn_in_the_X_Factor%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Bradford+Telegraph+%26+Argus&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.date=26+November+2010&amp;rft.au=Ben+Barnett&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/id.wikipedia.org:Zayn Malik\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt23\" id=\"mwfw\">&nbsp;"},"attrs":{"name":"Tong"}}" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref","rel":"dc:references","about":"#mwt22"}" id="cite_ref-Tong_6-0" rel="dc:references">[1]
 Sebelum pindah kesana, Zayn sudah pindah sekolah dua kali karena dia 
merasa tidak cocok dengan sekolah-sekolahnya yang sebelumnya. Barulah 
setelah dia pindah Tong, ia menemukan kecocokan itu dan mulai fokus pada
 bakatnya.<span class="reference ve-pasteProtect" data-mw="{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"thesun1"},"body":{"html":"<span data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" class=\"citation news\" about=\"#mwt39\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite news&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Templat:Cite_news&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/3819612/Until-6th-form-I-was-so-short-I-stood-on-a-brickbr-to-kiss.html&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Until 6th form I was so short I stood on a brick to kiss&quot;},&quot;work&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Sun&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;17 September 2011&quot;},&quot;accessdate&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2012-03-17&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;London&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" id=\"mwgg\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/3819612/Until-6th-form-I-was-so-short-I-stood-on-a-brickbr-to-kiss.html\" id=\"mwgw\">\"Until 6th form I was so short I stood on a brick to kiss\"</a>. The Sun (London). 17 September 2011. Diakses 2012-03-17.<span data-ve-ignore=\"true\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Until+6th+form+I+was+so+short+I+stood+on+a+brick+to+kiss&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.date=17+September+2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesun.co.uk%2Fsol%2Fhomepage%2Fshowbiz%2Fbizarre%2F3819612%2FUntil-6th-form-I-was-so-short-I-stood-on-a-brickbr-to-kiss.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Sun&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Until+6th+form+I+was+so+short+I+stood+on+a+brick+to+kiss&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/id.wikipedia.org:Zayn Malik\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt39\" id=\"mwhg\">&nbsp;"}}" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref","rel":"dc:references","about":"#mwt24"}" id="cite_ref-thesun1_7-0" rel="dc:references">[2] Saat mengikuti The X Factor, kakeknya, Walter meninggal dunia. Zayn memiliki tato berupa nama kakeknya dalam <a data-ve-attributes="{"rel":"mw:WikiLink"}" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" id="mwLw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a> di dadanya. 
 <span class="reference ve-pasteProtect" data-mw="{"name":"ref","body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-11","html":"<span data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" class=\"citation news\" about=\"#mwt32\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite news&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Templat:Cite_news&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Emily Sheridan&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1335722/X-Factor-2010-Matt-Cardle-struggles-Rebecca-Ferguson-wows.html&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;X Factor 2010: Matt Cardle struggles while Rebecca Ferguson wows &amp;#124; Mail Online&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dailymail.co.uk&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2010-12-05&quot;},&quot;accessdate&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2012-06-11&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;London&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" id=\"mwmw\">Emily Sheridan (2010-12-05). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1335722/X-Factor-2010-Matt-Cardle-struggles-Rebecca-Ferguson-wows.html\" id=\"mwnA\">\"X Factor 2010: Matt Cardle struggles while Rebecca Ferguson wows | Mail Online\"</a>. London: Dailymail.co.uk. Diakses 2012-06-11.<span data-ve-ignore=\"true\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft.aulast=Emily+Sheridan&amp;rft.pub=Dailymail.co.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.date=2010-12-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Ftvshowbiz%2Farticle-1335722%2FX-Factor-2010-Matt-Cardle-struggles-Rebecca-Ferguson-wows.html&amp;rft.btitle=X+Factor+2010%3A+Matt+Cardle+struggles+while+Rebecca+Ferguson+wows+%26%23124%3B+Mail+Online&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.au=Emily+Sheridan&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/id.wikipedia.org:Zayn Malik\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt32\" id=\"mwnw\">&nbsp;"},"attrs":{}}" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref","rel":"dc:references","about":"#mwt31"}" id="cite_ref-11" rel="dc:references"> Zayn dibesarkan di East Bowling, di sebelah barat pusat kota Bradford. Dia menempuh pendidikan dasarnya di Lower Fields Primary School dan melanjutkan ke Tong High School, sebuah sekolah negeri yang komprehensif di Bradford. <span class="reference ve-pasteProtect" data-mw="{"name":"ref","body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Tong-6","html":"<span data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" class=\"citation news\" about=\"#mwt23\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite news &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Templat:Cite_news&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/8689788.Tong_School_pupils_say_vote_to_keep_Zayn_in_the_X_Factor/&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Classmates seek support for East Bowling One Direction star Zayn Malik&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;26 November 2010&quot;},&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Ben Barnett&quot;},&quot;newspaper&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;[[Telegraph &amp; Argus|Bradford Telegraph &amp; Argus]]&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" id=\"mwew\">Ben Barnett (26 November 2010). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk/news/8689788.Tong_School_pupils_say_vote_to_keep_Zayn_in_the_X_Factor/\" id=\"mwfA\">\"Classmates seek support for East Bowling One Direction star Zayn Malik\"</a>. <a rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" href=\"./Telegraph_&amp;_Argus\" title=\"Telegraph &amp; Argus\" id=\"mwfg\">Bradford Telegraph &amp; Argus</a>.<span data-ve-ignore=\"true\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft.aulast=Ben+Barnett&amp;rft.atitle=Classmates+seek+support+for+East+Bowling+One+Direction+star+Zayn+Malik&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.btitle=Classmates+seek+support+for+East+Bowling+One+Direction+star+Zayn+Malik&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetelegraphandargus.co.uk%2Fnews%2F8689788.Tong_School_pupils_say_vote_to_keep_Zayn_in_the_X_Factor%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Bradford+Telegraph+%26+Argus&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.date=26+November+2010&amp;rft.au=Ben+Barnett&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/id.wikipedia.org:Zayn Malik\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt23\" id=\"mwfw\">&nbsp;"},"attrs":{"name":"Tong"}}" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref","rel":"dc:references","about":"#mwt22"}" id="cite_ref-Tong_6-0" rel="dc:references">[1]
 Sebelum pindah kesana, Zayn sudah pindah sekolah dua kali karena dia 
merasa tidak cocok dengan sekolah-sekolahnya yang sebelumnya. Barulah 
setelah dia pindah Tong, ia menemukan kecocokan itu dan mulai fokus pada
 bakatnya.<span class="reference ve-pasteProtect" data-mw="{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"thesun1"},"body":{"html":"<span data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" class=\"citation news\" about=\"#mwt39\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite news&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Templat:Cite_news&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/3819612/Until-6th-form-I-was-so-short-I-stood-on-a-brickbr-to-kiss.html&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Until 6th form I was so short I stood on a brick to kiss&quot;},&quot;work&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Sun&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;17 September 2011&quot;},&quot;accessdate&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2012-03-17&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;London&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" id=\"mwgg\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/3819612/Until-6th-form-I-was-so-short-I-stood-on-a-brickbr-to-kiss.html\" id=\"mwgw\">\"Until 6th form I was so short I stood on a brick to kiss\"</a>. The Sun (London). 17 September 2011. Diakses 2012-03-17.<span data-ve-ignore=\"true\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Until+6th+form+I+was+so+short+I+stood+on+a+brick+to+kiss&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.date=17+September+2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesun.co.uk%2Fsol%2Fhomepage%2Fshowbiz%2Fbizarre%2F3819612%2FUntil-6th-form-I-was-so-short-I-stood-on-a-brickbr-to-kiss.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Sun&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Until+6th+form+I+was+so+short+I+stood+on+a+brick+to+kiss&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/id.wikipedia.org:Zayn Malik\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt39\" id=\"mwhg\">&nbsp;"}}" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref","rel":"dc:references","about":"#mwt24"}" id="cite_ref-thesun1_7-0" rel="dc:references">[2] Saat mengikuti The X Factor, kakeknya, Walter meninggal dunia. Zayn memiliki tato berupa nama kakeknya dalam <a data-ve-attributes="{"rel":"mw:WikiLink"}" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" id="mwLw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a> di dadanya<span class="reference ve-pasteProtect" data-mw="{"name":"ref","body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-11","html":"<span data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" class=\"citation news\" about=\"#mwt32\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite news&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Templat:Cite_news&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Emily Sheridan&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1335722/X-Factor-2010-Matt-Cardle-struggles-Rebecca-Ferguson-wows.html&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;X Factor 2010: Matt Cardle struggles while Rebecca Ferguson wows &amp;#124; Mail Online&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dailymail.co.uk&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2010-12-05&quot;},&quot;accessdate&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2012-06-11&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;London&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" id=\"mwmw\">Emily Sheridan (2010-12-05). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1335722/X-Factor-2010-Matt-Cardle-struggles-Rebecca-Ferguson-wows.html\" id=\"mwnA\">\"X Factor 2010: Matt Cardle struggles while Rebecca Ferguson wows | Mail Online\"</a>. London: Dailymail.co.uk. Diakses 2012-06-11.<span data-ve-ignore=\"true\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft.aulast=Emily+Sheridan&amp;rft.pub=Dailymail.co.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.date=2010-12-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Ftvshowbiz%2Farticle-1335722%2FX-Factor-2010-Matt-Cardle-struggles-Rebecca-Ferguson-wows.html&amp;rft.btitle=X+Factor+2010%3A+Matt+Cardle+struggles+while+Rebecca+Ferguson+wows+%26%23124%3B+Mail+Online&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.au=Emily+Sheridan&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/id.wikipedia.org:Zayn Malik\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt32\" id=\"mwnw\">&nbsp;"},"attrs":{}}" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref","rel":"dc:references","about":"#mwt31"}" id="cite_ref-11" rel="dc:references">. 
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span class="reference ve-pasteProtect" data-mw="{"name":"ref","body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-11","html":"<span data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" class=\"citation news\" about=\"#mwt32\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite news&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Templat:Cite_news&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Emily Sheridan&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1335722/X-Factor-2010-Matt-Cardle-struggles-Rebecca-Ferguson-wows.html&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;X Factor 2010: Matt Cardle struggles while Rebecca Ferguson wows &amp;#124; Mail Online&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dailymail.co.uk&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2010-12-05&quot;},&quot;accessdate&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2012-06-11&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;London&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" id=\"mwmw\">Emily Sheridan (2010-12-05). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1335722/X-Factor-2010-Matt-Cardle-struggles-Rebecca-Ferguson-wows.html\" id=\"mwnA\">\"X Factor 2010: Matt Cardle struggles while Rebecca Ferguson wows | Mail Online\"</a>. London: Dailymail.co.uk. Diakses 2012-06-11.<span data-ve-ignore=\"true\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft.aulast=Emily+Sheridan&amp;rft.pub=Dailymail.co.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.date=2010-12-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Ftvshowbiz%2Farticle-1335722%2FX-Factor-2010-Matt-Cardle-struggles-Rebecca-Ferguson-wows.html&amp;rft.btitle=X+Factor+2010%3A+Matt+Cardle+struggles+while+Rebecca+Ferguson+wows+%26%23124%3B+Mail+Online&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.au=Emily+Sheridan&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/id.wikipedia.org:Zayn Malik\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt32\" id=\"mwnw\">&nbsp;"},"attrs":{}}" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref","rel":"dc:references","about":"#mwt31"}" id="cite_ref-11" rel="dc:references">The X Factor 
<span class="reference ve-pasteProtect" data-mw="{"name":"ref","body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-11","html":"<span data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" class=\"citation news\" about=\"#mwt32\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite news&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Templat:Cite_news&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;author&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Emily Sheridan&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1335722/X-Factor-2010-Matt-Cardle-struggles-Rebecca-Ferguson-wows.html&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;X Factor 2010: Matt Cardle struggles while Rebecca Ferguson wows &amp;#124; Mail Online&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Dailymail.co.uk&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2010-12-05&quot;},&quot;accessdate&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2012-06-11&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;London&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" id=\"mwmw\">Emily Sheridan (2010-12-05). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1335722/X-Factor-2010-Matt-Cardle-struggles-Rebecca-Ferguson-wows.html\" id=\"mwnA\">\"X Factor 2010: Matt Cardle struggles while Rebecca Ferguson wows | Mail Online\"</a>. London: Dailymail.co.uk. Diakses 2012-06-11.<span data-ve-ignore=\"true\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft.aulast=Emily+Sheridan&amp;rft.pub=Dailymail.co.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.date=2010-12-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Ftvshowbiz%2Farticle-1335722%2FX-Factor-2010-Matt-Cardle-struggles-Rebecca-Ferguson-wows.html&amp;rft.btitle=X+Factor+2010%3A+Matt+Cardle+struggles+while+Rebecca+Ferguson+wows+%26%23124%3B+Mail+Online&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.au=Emily+Sheridan&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/id.wikipedia.org:Zayn Malik\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt32\" id=\"mwnw\">&nbsp;"},"attrs":{}}" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref","rel":"dc:references","about":"#mwt31"}" id="cite_ref-11" rel="dc:references">Saat audisi The X Factor, Zayn mengungkapkan motivasinya mengikuti acara itu adalah untuk mencari pengalaman. Menurutnya, urban music adalah faktor utama yang mempengaruhi karir bermusiknya yang bergenre <a data-ve-attributes="{"rel":"mw:WikiLink"}" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/R&B" id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="R&B">R&B</a> dan <a data-ve-attributes="{"rel":"mw:WikiLink"}" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap" id="mwNQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rap">Rap</a>.<span class="reference ve-pasteProtect" data-mw="{"name":"ref","body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-thesun1-7","html":"<span data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" class=\"citation news\" about=\"#mwt39\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite news&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Templat:Cite_news&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/3819612/Until-6th-form-I-was-so-short-I-stood-on-a-brickbr-to-kiss.html&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Until 6th form I was so short I stood on a brick to kiss&quot;},&quot;work&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;The Sun&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;17 September 2011&quot;},&quot;accessdate&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2012-03-17&quot;},&quot;location&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;London&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" id=\"mwgg\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/3819612/Until-6th-form-I-was-so-short-I-stood-on-a-brickbr-to-kiss.html\" id=\"mwgw\">\"Until 6th form I was so short I stood on a brick to kiss\"</a>. The Sun (London). 17 September 2011. Diakses 2012-03-17.<span data-ve-ignore=\"true\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.atitle=Until+6th+form+I+was+so+short+I+stood+on+a+brick+to+kiss&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.date=17+September+2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesun.co.uk%2Fsol%2Fhomepage%2Fshowbiz%2Fbizarre%2F3819612%2FUntil-6th-form-I-was-so-short-I-stood-on-a-brickbr-to-kiss.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Sun&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Until+6th+form+I+was+so+short+I+stood+on+a+brick+to+kiss&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/id.wikipedia.org:Zayn Malik\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt39\" id=\"mwhg\">&nbsp;"},"attrs":{"name":"thesun1"}}" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref","rel":"dc:references","about":"#mwt38"}" id="cite_ref-thesun1_7-1" rel="dc:references">[1]<span class="reference ve-pasteProtect" data-mw="{"name":"ref","body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-autogenerated14-12","html":"<span data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" class=\"citation web\" about=\"#mwt41\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Templat:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1_nZZHOXd4&amp;feature=plcp&amp;context=C4af010eVDvjVQa1PpcFMGKY4ENQtZv7dQojv9xu6k-Lf8pueFhpk%3D&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Zayn Interview (VEVO LIFT): Brought to you by McDonald's&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;YouTube&quot;},&quot;accessdate&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;27 April 2012&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" id=\"mwog\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1_nZZHOXd4&amp;feature=plcp&amp;context=C4af010eVDvjVQa1PpcFMGKY4ENQtZv7dQojv9xu6k-Lf8pueFhpk%3D\" id=\"mwow\">\"Zayn Interview (VEVO LIFT): Brought to you by McDonald's\"</a>. YouTube. Diakses 27 April 2012.<span data-ve-ignore=\"true\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.btitle=Zayn+Interview+%28VEVO+LIFT%29%3A+Brought+to+you+by+McDonald%27s&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DV1_nZZHOXd4%26feature%3Dplcp%26context%3DC4af010eVDvjVQa1PpcFMGKY4ENQtZv7dQojv9xu6k-Lf8pueFhpk%253D&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=YouTube&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/id.wikipedia.org:Zayn Malik\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt41\" id=\"mwpQ\">&nbsp;"},"attrs":{"name":"autogenerated14"}}" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref","rel":"dc:references","about":"#mwt40"}" id="cite_ref-autogenerated14_12-0" rel="dc:references">[2] Dalam audisi X Factor, Zayn membawakan lagu R&B milik Mario yang berjudul "Let Me Love You". Dia merupakan personil One Direction yang dicap sebagai "kolaborator impian" oleh beberapa artis-artis dunia, salah satunya <a data-ve-attributes="{"rel":"mw:WikiLink"}" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Mars" id="mwOA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bruno Mars">Bruno Mars</a>.<span class="reference ve-pasteProtect" data-mw="{"name":"ref","body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-13","html":"<span data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" class=\"citation web\" about=\"#mwt43\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Templat:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;last&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Doherty&quot;},&quot;first&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Maggie&quot;},&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/backbeat/backbeat-one-direction-s-harry-styles-gets-1006576552.story&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Backbeat: One Direction's Harry Styles Gets a Faceful of Ice-Cream Cake at Z-100&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Billboard.biz&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;26 March 2012&quot;},&quot;accessdate&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;27 April 2012&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" id=\"mwqA\">Doherty, Maggie (26 March 2012). <a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/backbeat/backbeat-one-direction-s-harry-styles-gets-1006576552.story\" id=\"mwqQ\">\"Backbeat: One Direction's Harry Styles Gets a Faceful of Ice-Cream Cake at Z-100\"</a>. Billboard.biz. Diakses 27 April 2012.<span data-ve-ignore=\"true\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft.aulast=Doherty&amp;rft.aufirst=Maggie&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.btitle=Backbeat%3A+One+Direction%27s+Harry+Styles+Gets+a+Faceful+of+Ice-Cream+Cake+at+Z-100&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.biz%2Fbbbiz%2Findustry%2Fbackbeat%2Fbackbeat-one-direction-s-harry-styles-gets-1006576552.story&amp;rft.pub=Billboard.biz&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.date=26+March+2012&amp;rft.au=Doherty%2C+Maggie&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/id.wikipedia.org:Zayn Malik\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt43\" id=\"mwqw\">&nbsp;"},"attrs":{}}" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref","rel":"dc:references","about":"#mwt42"}" id="cite_ref-13" rel="dc:references">[3] Zayn pernah berkencan dengan rekannya sesama kontestan X Factor,
 Rebecca Ferguson. Hubungan ini menuai kontroversi karena usia mereka 
yang terpaut enam tahun. Hubungan ini cuma bertahan empat bulan dan 
berakhir pada bulan November 2011. <span class="reference ve-pasteProtect" data-mw="{"name":"ref","body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-14","html":"<span data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" class=\"citation web\" about=\"#mwt45\" typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;cite web&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Templat:Cite_web&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/rebecca-ferguson/338835-rebecca-ferguson-zayn-malik-one-direction-split&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Rebecca Ferguson: \\&quot;Me &amp; Zayn Just Grew Apart, I wish him all the best.\\&quot; &amp;#124; Rebecca Ferguson &amp;#124; News &amp;#124; MTV UK&quot;},&quot;publisher&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Mtv.co.uk&quot;},&quot;date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;24 November 2011&quot;},&quot;accessdate&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;14 January 2012&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" id=\"mwrg\"><a rel=\"mw:ExtLink\" href=\"http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/rebecca-ferguson/338835-rebecca-ferguson-zayn-malik-one-direction-split\" id=\"mwrw\">\"Rebecca Ferguson: \"Me &amp; Zayn Just Grew Apart, I wish him all the best.\" | Rebecca Ferguson | News | MTV UK\"</a>. Mtv.co.uk. 24 November 2011. Diakses 14 January 2012.<span data-ve-ignore=\"true\" title=\"ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft.pub=Mtv.co.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.date=24+November+2011&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtv.co.uk%2Fnews%2Frebecca-ferguson%2F338835-rebecca-ferguson-zayn-malik-one-direction-split&amp;rft.btitle=Rebecca+Ferguson%3A+%22Me+%26+Zayn+Just+Grew+Apart%2C+I+wish+him+all+the+best.%22+%26%23124%3B+Rebecca+Ferguson+%26%23124%3B+News+%26%23124%3B+MTV+UK&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/id.wikipedia.org:Zayn Malik\" class=\"Z3988\" about=\"#mwt45\" id=\"mwtA\">&nbsp;"},"attrs":{}}" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref","rel":"dc:references","about":"#mwt44"}" id="cite_ref-14" rel="dc:references">[4]
 Zayn adalah seorang perokok berat. Pada bulan Agustus 2011, ia 
menyatakan keinginannya untuk berhenti merokok, meskipun itu sangat 
sulit baginya.</blockquote>
AGAMA 
Bulan Juni 2012, Zayn memposting tweet: "La ila ha ill lalla ho muhammed door rasoolalah" yang maknanya merupakan deklarasi iman dari seorang <a data-ve-attributes="{"rel":"mw:WikiLink"}" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" id="mwRQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Muslim">muslim</a>. Tweet ini menuai kritik dari beberapa kalangan anti-muslim di <a data-ve-attributes="{"rel":"mw:WikiLink"}" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" id="mwRg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> dan <a data-ve-attributes="{"rel":"mw:WikiLink"}" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika" id="mwRw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Amerika">Amerika</a>, salah satunya <a data-ve-attributes="{"rel":"mw:ExtLink"}" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie%20Schlussel" id="mwSA" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="en:Debbie Schlussel">Debbie Schlussel</a>.
 "Ia menggunakan pengaruhnya untuk menyebarkan agama Islam pada para 
penggemarnya, dan berusaha membuat mereka pindah agama. Itu berbahaya," 
tulis Debbie dalam blognya.<span class="reference ve-pasteProtect" data-mw="{"name":"ref","body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-18"},"attrs":{}}" data-ve-attributes="{"typeof":"mw:Extension/ref","rel":"dc:references","about":"#mwt56"}" id="cite_ref-18" rel="dc:references"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Sementara itu, Zayn dipuji oleh para muslim lain di industri hiburan Eropa dan Amerika. Wajahat Ali, seorang penulis <a data-ve-attributes="{"rel":"mw:WikiLink"}" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skenario" id="mwSQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Skenario">skenario</a> muslim dari <a data-ve-attributes="{"rel":"mw:WikiLink"}" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fransisco" id="mwSg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="San Fransisco">San Fransisco</a>
 menyebutkan bahwa kesuksesan Zayn justru dapat memperbaiki nama baik 
Islam di dunia barat. "Dia menunjukkan bahwa seseorang dapat dihargai 
karena bakatnya, dan ia tak akan diasingkan hanya karena ia seorang 
muslim." Zudhi Jasser, seorang aktivis <a data-ve-attributes="{"rel":"mw:WikiLink"}" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat_Amerika_Muslim" id="mwSw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Masyarakat Amerika Muslim">muslim di Amerika</a>,
 juga mendukung Zayn yang berani memproklamasikan keislamannya di dunia 
barat yang terkenal diskriminatif pada muslim. Namun ia mengingatkan 
bahwa muslim yang konservatif mungkin justru akan ikut mengecam Zayn 
karena tato dan tindikan di kupingnya.

BIOGRAFI BIOGRAFI Zain Javadd "Zayn" Malik

Kehidupan awal dan pendidikan Zayn dibesarkan di East Bowling, di sebelah barat pusat kota Bradford. Dia menempuh pendidikan dasarnya d...

2015 Southeast Asian Games medal table ( UPDATE )

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<table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter"><caption> </caption></table>
<table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter"><caption> </caption></table>
<table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter"><caption>2015 Southeast Asian Games medal table [24]</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending"> Rank </th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Nation</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" style="background-color: gold; width: 4.5em;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Gold</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" style="background-color: silver; width: 4.5em;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Silver</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" style="background-color: #cc9966; width: 4.5em;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Bronze</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" style="width: 4.5em;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Total</th>
</tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr style="background: #ccccff;">
<td>1</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="2880" data-file-width="4320" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/22px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" title="Singapore" width="22" /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games" title="Singapore at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games">Singapore</a> (SIN)</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/22px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" title="Thailand" width="22" /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games" title="Thailand at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games">Thailand</a> (THA)</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1400" data-file-width="2800" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" title="Malaysia" width="22" /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games" title="Malaysia at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games">Malaysia</a> (MAS)</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" title="Vietnam" width="22" /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games" title="Vietnam at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games">Vietnam</a> (VIE)</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="720" data-file-width="1440" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" title="Brunei" width="22" /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games" title="Brunei at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games">Brunei</a> (BRU)</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="625" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" title="Cambodia" width="22" /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games" title="Cambodia at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games">Cambodia</a> (CAM)</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" title="Indonesia" width="22" /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games" title="Indonesia at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games">Indonesia</a> (INA)</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="600" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/22px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" title="Laos" width="22" /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games" title="Laos at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games">Laos</a> (LAO)</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1800" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/22px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" title="Myanmar" width="22" /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games" title="Myanmar at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games">Myanmar</a> (MYA)</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="450" data-file-width="900" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" title="Philippines" width="22" /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games" title="Philippines at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games">Philippines</a> (PHI)</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="450" data-file-width="900" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" title="Timor-Leste" width="22" /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor-Leste_at_the_2015_Southeast_Asian_Games" title="Timor-Leste at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games">Timor-Leste</a> (TLS)</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
</tbody><tfoot>
<tr class="sortbottom">
<th colspan="2">Total</th>
<th>2</th>
<th>2</th>
<th>4</th>
<th>8</th></tr>
</tfoot></table>
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SEA GAMES 2015 Southeast Asian Games medal table ( UPDATE )

2015 Southeast Asian Games medal table [24] Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total 1 Singapore (SIN) 2 1 1 4 2...